{"id":670,"date":"2026-04-22T19:56:44","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T23:56:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/?p=670"},"modified":"2026-06-25T12:41:45","modified_gmt":"2026-06-25T16:41:45","slug":"el-salvador-crecimiento-impulsado-por-el-estado-falla-estructural","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/el-salvador-state-led-growth-structural-failure\/","title":{"rendered":"Caf\u00e9, industria y desigualdad: lecciones de El Salvador, 1950-1968"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"h-why-this-case-matters\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Por qu\u00e9 este caso es importante<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los responsables pol\u00edticos de Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe (ALC) est\u00e1n cada vez m\u00e1s interesados en estrategias industriales basadas en materias primas. Los minerales detr\u00e1s de la transici\u00f3n energ\u00e9tica, la electrificaci\u00f3n, las TIC y la inteligencia artificial otorgan a la regi\u00f3n una nueva influencia. El Salvador, entre 1950 y 1968, demuestra c\u00f3mo un auge de las materias primas puede financiar la industrializaci\u00f3n. Tambi\u00e9n muestra c\u00f3mo ese pivote puede proceder sin democratizaci\u00f3n o inclusi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los excedentes de caf\u00e9 financiaron la industrializaci\u00f3n de posguerra sin perturbar el <a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/exportar-enclave\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"32\">estructura de poder subyacente<\/a>. Las mismas familias que dominaron la tierra y las exportaciones de caf\u00e9 se adentraron en la banca y la industria. Capturaron la mayor parte de las ganancias de la transformaci\u00f3n. El Mercado Com\u00fan Centroamericano (MCCA) hizo viable la sustituci\u00f3n de importaciones protegida a nivel regional y abri\u00f3 una ventana de crecimiento. La continuidad de la \u00e9lite a trav\u00e9s del cambio estructural es una variable decisiva en las econom\u00edas LAC altamente desiguales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Este blog examina qu\u00e9 cambi\u00f3 en El Salvador entre 1950 y 1968, qu\u00e9 impuls\u00f3 esos cambios y qu\u00e9 papel desempe\u00f1\u00f3 el Estado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-how-coffee-money-built-industry\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00f3mo el dinero del caf\u00e9 construy\u00f3 la industria<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/reduccion-del-riesgo-habilitacion-de-la-escala-el-auge-exportador-de-argentina-1880-1914\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"510\">Ganancias por exportaci\u00f3n de caf\u00e9<\/a> financiaron la industrializaci\u00f3n de El Salvador. Los auges de precios de la d\u00e9cada de 1950 generaron grandes excedentes invertibles para las \u00e9lites cafeteras. Redirigieron estos excedentes hacia la manufactura y las industrias relacionadas. <a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/motores-del-cambio-1920-1970-autos-aviones-refrigeradores-lineas-de-montaje\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"509\">La industria manufacturera pas\u00f3 a representar el 71 % del PIB en la d\u00e9cada de 1950<\/a> \u2014entonces centrada en la producci\u00f3n artesanal\u2014 hasta alcanzar casi 20% en la d\u00e9cada de 1970. La inversi\u00f3n extranjera directa en la industria ligera tambi\u00e9n se expandi\u00f3 en el marco de los mercados regionales protegidos por el CACM.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tras la revoluci\u00f3n de 1948, el gobierno militar-reformista elev\u00f3 los impuestos a la exportaci\u00f3n de caf\u00e9 para financiar la industrializaci\u00f3n. La misma \u00e9lite que dominaba la tierra y las exportaciones de caf\u00e9 incursion\u00f3 en la banca y la industria. El Estado a\u00f1adi\u00f3 incentivos fiscales para las peque\u00f1as empresas para acelerar el crecimiento industrial. El MCCA hizo <a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/la-transformacion-de-brasil-de-1930-a-1980\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"508\">industrializaci\u00f3n por sustituci\u00f3n de importaciones<\/a> viable a escala en la d\u00e9cada de 1960. Las \u00e9lites cafeteras construyeron nuevas empresas industriales, bancos y agencias de desarrollo para satisfacer esa demanda. Las instituciones financieras estatales otorgaron cr\u00e9dito a largo plazo a estas nuevas empresas. El c\u00f3digo tributario inclin\u00f3 a\u00fan m\u00e1s los incentivos hacia la inversi\u00f3n industrial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El Salvador se urbaniz\u00f3 y produjo nuevas clases sociales, pero no surgi\u00f3 un grupo industrial pol\u00edticamente independiente. Como en <a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/nicaragua-1950-1970-auge-fractura\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"294\">Managua<\/a> y otras capitales centroamericanas, la migraci\u00f3n rural se concentr\u00f3 en torno a San Salvador. M\u00e1s del 90% de los migrantes urbanos del pa\u00eds se establecieron en la capital. Surgieron una nueva clase obrera industrial y una clase media incipiente. La represi\u00f3n laboral se mantuvo intacta a pesar de la modernizaci\u00f3n. Los mandos militares toleraron a determinados sindicatos y algunas iniciativas de reforma social a cambio de lealtad al r\u00e9gimen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-what-drove-the-shift\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00bfQu\u00e9 impuls\u00f3 el cambio?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El MCCA abri\u00f3 los mercados regionales para bienes de consumo ligeros y ensamblaje en la d\u00e9cada de 1960. Los terratenientes y exportadores de caf\u00e9 aprovecharon la oportunidad diversific\u00e1ndose hacia la manufactura, las finanzas y el comercio. La sustituci\u00f3n de importaciones se volvi\u00f3 regional a trav\u00e9s del nuevo mercado, creando econom\u00edas de escala. Las empresas multinacionales ingresaron con nuevas rutinas de producci\u00f3n y v\u00ednculos con mercados externos. Se asociaron casi exclusivamente con la riqueza salvadore\u00f1a establecida. La actividad industrial se concentr\u00f3 en El Salvador y Guatemala, con inversores extranjeros respaldando productos qu\u00edmicos, farmac\u00e9uticos y derivados del petr\u00f3leo, junto a la \u00e9lite comercial y terrateniente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El Estado molde\u00f3 el despegue industrial de El Salvador a trav\u00e9s de instrumentos interconectados. Estos incluyeron incentivos fiscales, canalizaci\u00f3n de cr\u00e9dito, represi\u00f3n laboral e infraestructura p\u00fablica. Los aranceles del SIECA protegieron la manufactura regional de la competencia global y de nuevos participantes. El Estado utiliz\u00f3 exenciones fiscales y cr\u00e9ditos subsidiados para apoyar a las grandes empresas comerciales. Tambi\u00e9n reforz\u00f3 la represi\u00f3n laboral, manteniendo bajos los salarios y elevando la rentabilidad industrial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La expansi\u00f3n industrial se mantuvo dependiente de las divisas del caf\u00e9, que financiaban los insumos importados. Las 14 principales empresas industriales estaban agrupadas en El Salvador y conectadas regionalmente, atrayendo gente a las ciudades. <a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/que-cafe-tuvo-ese-caucho-no-brasil-1879-1912\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"34\">\u00c9lites del caf\u00e9<\/a> institucionalizaron su poder a trav\u00e9s de bancos, asociaciones empresariales y centros de pol\u00edticas. Los observadores de la \u00e9poca los describieron como el \u201cgobierno invisible\u201d del pa\u00eds. El modelo se difundi\u00f3 ampliamente hasta que la debilidad del tipo de cambio finalmente lo limit\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-the-state-s-role\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">El Papel del Estado<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El gobierno militar impuls\u00f3 la industrializaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de un modelo de entrega de arriba hacia abajo que preserv\u00f3 el orden social. Trat\u00f3 la industrializaci\u00f3n como una herramienta de estabilizaci\u00f3n tanto como econ\u00f3mica. Los tecn\u00f3cratas alineados <a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/la-disciplina-detras-del-milagro-aprendiendo-de-taiwan-y-corea\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"38\">agencias estatales<\/a> con los intereses del sector privado dominante. El gobierno realiz\u00f3 pocos esfuerzos para ampliar el flujo de beneficios, construir coaliciones o ampliar la propiedad de la agenda de desarrollo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El estado dirigi\u00f3 la inversi\u00f3n p\u00fablica y la coordinaci\u00f3n hacia la modernizaci\u00f3n industrial. Ampli\u00f3 las redes de carreteras, los puertos y la red el\u00e9ctrica para servir a la industria. La represa hidroel\u00e9ctrica de 1954 en el r\u00edo Lempa suministr\u00f3 energ\u00eda industrial barata. Bancos estatales de desarrollo proporcionaron cr\u00e9dito industrial a largo plazo y espec\u00edfico. El c\u00f3digo tributario subsidi\u00f3 expl\u00edcitamente los costos de inversi\u00f3n industrial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Los gobiernos militaristas carec\u00edan de mecanismos institucionales para aprender y adaptarse a medida que el pa\u00eds cambiaba. No intentaron <a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/orden-y-crecimiento-sin-inclusion-la-revolucion-mexicana-1876-1911\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"511\">reforma agraria<\/a>, controlar las elecciones o mantener un sistema en el que, seg\u00fan se informa, seis familias pose\u00edan tanta tierra como el 80% de la poblaci\u00f3n rural. La desigualdad se intensific\u00f3 a medida que el gobierno gestionaba los conflictos mediante la coacci\u00f3n, el control de los sindicatos y la restricci\u00f3n de la competencia pol\u00edtica. La pobreza y la desnutrici\u00f3n segu\u00edan siendo generalizadas. Sin canales de retroalimentaci\u00f3n, el Estado tuvo dificultades para gestionar la volatilidad vinculada a los productos b\u00e1sicos. Esa rigidez lo dej\u00f3 mal preparado para las crisis posteriores a 1978, incluida la guerra civil que se cobr\u00f3 unas 75 000 vidas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"h-implications-for-policymakers\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Implicaciones para los legisladores<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">El gobierno militar de El Salvador impuls\u00f3 una agenda de modernizaci\u00f3n que movi\u00f3 la econom\u00eda de las exportaciones de caf\u00e9 a la producci\u00f3n y exportaciones industriales. Cumpli\u00f3 esa agenda a trav\u00e9s de un gobierno autoritario y la supresi\u00f3n laboral. El resultado concentr\u00f3 riqueza y poder en una \u00fanica \u00e9lite multisectorial. La fabricaci\u00f3n se mantuvo dependiente de las divisas del caf\u00e9. Cuando los precios internacionales del caf\u00e9 cayeron a fines de la d\u00e9cada de 1970, los ingresos se contrajeron y la producci\u00f3n industrial flaque\u00f3. Ese colapso aliment\u00f3 la violencia pol\u00edtica y la guerra civil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Varios asuntos en esta historia son importantes para los responsables de pol\u00edticas hoy en d\u00eda. Primero, como hemos visto en toda la regi\u00f3n, el crecimiento industrial no produce autom\u00e1ticamente nuevas coaliciones pol\u00edticas. Segundo, <a href=\"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/control-estatal-de-guyana-vulnerabilidad-de-productos-basicos\/\" data-wpil-monitor-id=\"407\">diversificaci\u00f3n financiada por productos b\u00e1sicos<\/a> aumenta la vulnerabilidad a shocks externos y a presiones de redistribuci\u00f3n no resueltas. Tercero, los mercados protegidos pueden acelerar el crecimiento, pero enmascaran fragilidades en empresas aisladas de la competencia global. Finalmente, la desigualdad es una variable de primer orden en ALC: dejarla sin gestionar invita a la disrupci\u00f3n y al eventual colapso. &nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why This Case Matters LAC policymakers are increasingly interested in commodity-based industrial strategies. The minerals behind the energy transition, electrification, ICT, and artificial intelligence give the region new leverage. El Salvador, between 1950 and 1968, shows how a commodity boom can finance industrialization. It also shows how that pivot can proceed without democratization or inclusion. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":278841165,"featured_media":672,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"El Salvador 1950\u20131968: coffee surpluses financed industrialization. Manufacturing went from 7% to ~20% of GDP. The same families kept the land, took the banks, ran industry. When coffee prices fell after 1978, the model collapsed into civil war. Lessons for LAC's mineral era.","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":true,"token":"eyJpbWciOiJodHRwczpcL1wvdGVjaHJldmxhYy5vcmdcL3dwLWNvbnRlbnRcL3VwbG9hZHNcLzIwMjZcLzA0XC9TY3JlZW5zaG90LTIwMjYtMDQtMjItYXQtNy4zNi4zMy1QTS5wbmciLCJ0eHQiOiJDb2ZmZWUsIEluZHVzdHJ5LCBhbmQgSW5lcXVhbGl0eTogTGVzc29ucyBmcm9tIEVsIFNhbHZhZG9yLCAxOTUwXHUyMDEzMTk2OCIsInRlbXBsYXRlIjoiaGlnaHdheSIsImZvbnQiOiIiLCJibG9nX2lkIjoyNTM2NDE4MzJ9.jEzArGmslbEX9egEemvg6Fmx4HeN5muxJkwcqtkj5e8MQ"},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1711],"tags":[1483,1481,1480,1482,1382,1409],"class_list":["post-670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-case-study","tag-cacm","tag-commodity-booms","tag-el-salvador","tag-import-substitution","tag-industrial-policy","tag-inequality"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.5 (Yoast SEO v28.5) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>El Salvador 1950\u20131968: When Commodity Booms Finance Elite Industry - The Next Wave<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"El Salvador&#039;s 1950s coffee boom financed industrialization but entrenched elite power. 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In the late 1940s, thousands of workers passed through the gates of Campomar y Soulas in Juan Lacaze each morning. They processed Uruguay's wool into industrial exports. The firm embodied a larger shift. 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