{"id":302,"date":"2026-03-26T15:56:35","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T19:56:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/?p=302"},"modified":"2026-06-04T10:20:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T14:20:52","slug":"orden-y-crecimiento-sin-inclusion-la-revolucion-mexicana-1876-1911","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/mexico-1876-1911-order-and-growth-without-inclusion-revolution\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9xico 1876\u20131911 Orden y Crecimiento sin Inclusi\u00f3n: Revoluci\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00e9xico creci\u00f3 m\u00e1s r\u00e1pido entre 1876 y 1911 que en cualquier otro momento del siglo XIX. Los ferrocarriles se extendieron por el pa\u00eds, las ciudades se modernizaron y las exportaciones se expandieron r\u00e1pidamente con inversi\u00f3n extranjera, replicando patrones observados en muchas econom\u00edas industrializadas. Bajo Porfirio D\u00edaz, M\u00e9xico logr\u00f3 orden, crecimiento econ\u00f3mico e integraci\u00f3n al comercio internacional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sin embargo, este crecimiento descansaba sobre cimientos d\u00e9biles. La expansi\u00f3n de las exportaciones depend\u00eda de regiones espec\u00edficas. La propiedad de la tierra y los beneficios econ\u00f3micos se concentraban en una peque\u00f1a \u00e9lite, y millones de personas rurales e ind\u00edgenas perdieron el acceso a la tierra. Al mismo tiempo, una mayor integraci\u00f3n en los mercados globales aument\u00f3 la exposici\u00f3n a shocks y volatilidad externas. La lecci\u00f3n fundamental es que el crecimiento econ\u00f3mico sin inclusi\u00f3n puede conducir a la inestabilidad, a reversiones r\u00e1pidas y, en casos extremos, a la revoluci\u00f3n. La prosperidad obtenida a trav\u00e9s de la exclusi\u00f3n, la represi\u00f3n y la dependencia de fuerzas fuera del control del Estado rara vez es sostenible. En retrospectiva, la Revoluci\u00f3n Mexicana fue un resultado predecible de una modernizaci\u00f3n que fracas\u00f3 en sentar las bases sociales, pol\u00edticas y culturales necesarias para gestionar el cambio r\u00e1pido.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este blog examina los cambios que ocurrieron, analiza los impulsores de estos cambios y explora el papel del estado en la conformaci\u00f3n de sus resultados. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orden, crecimiento y progreso, pero fr\u00e1gil y sin licencia social<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entre 1876 y 1911, M\u00e9xico pas\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente de sistemas localizados de uso de la tierra y miner\u00eda a una agricultura intensiva de exportaci\u00f3n, miner\u00eda a gran escala y extracci\u00f3n de petr\u00f3leo. La producci\u00f3n minera se triplic\u00f3 y M\u00e9xico se convirti\u00f3 en el principal productor de plata del mundo. La agricultura comercial se expandi\u00f3 en torno a la fibra de agave, el az\u00facar y caf\u00e9<\/a>, impulsado por grandes haciendas. Producci\u00f3n de petr\u00f3leo<\/a> aument\u00f3 de niveles insignificantes en la d\u00e9cada de 1890 a aproximadamente 12 millones de barriles anuales para 1911.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esta transformaci\u00f3n erosion\u00f3 la administraci\u00f3n ind\u00edgena, debilit\u00f3 la legitimidad de los sistemas de tierras comunales e intensific\u00f3 las presiones ecol\u00f3gicas. Ferrocarriles, puertos y ciudades se expandieron en torno a la producci\u00f3n orientada a la exportaci\u00f3n, gran parte de ella en manos de intereses extranjeros o externos y distribuida de manera desigual en las regiones. El tendido ferroviario aument\u00f3 de aproximadamente 650 kil\u00f3metros en 1876 a m\u00e1s de 19.000 kil\u00f3metros en 1910. La Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, Veracruz y Monterrey crecieron r\u00e1pidamente, introduciendo alumbrado el\u00e9ctrico, sistemas de tranv\u00eda e infraestructura hidr\u00e1ulica moderna. La cultura nacional enfatiz\u00f3 cada vez m\u00e1s el orden, el progreso, la autoridad tecnocr\u00e1tica y el dominio de las \u00e9lites, un patr\u00f3n reforzado por los cambios en la educaci\u00f3n y la ley. Como en otras partes de la regi\u00f3n, las reformas agrarias deslegitimaron las identidades comunales ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La migraci\u00f3n desplaz\u00f3 a poblaciones de las \u00e1reas rurales a las urbanas, y la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico duplic\u00f3 su tama\u00f1o a aproximadamente 720.000 habitantes para 1910. La inmigraci\u00f3n se mantuvo limitada y enfocada en la \u00e9lite, especialmente en comparaci\u00f3n con Argentina<\/a> durante el mismo per\u00edodo. La mano de obra se reten\u00eda en las haciendas mediante el peonaje por deudas, un sistema reforzado por leyes de tierras que convirtieron a muchos residentes rurales en trabajadores sin tierra. El uso de la tierra prioriz\u00f3 cada vez m\u00e1s la miner\u00eda, aceite<\/a>, y exporta agricultura para mercados externos, vinculando M\u00e9xico a las cadenas de materias primas a nivel mundial. El ferrocarril y los puertos facilitaron el movimiento de materias primas hacia Estados Unidos y Europa. Los sistemas energ\u00e9ticos cambiaron<\/a> de la tracci\u00f3n animal y de madera hacia el carb\u00f3n y el petr\u00f3leo, a menudo bajo control extranjero.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La inversi\u00f3n extranjera directa, el cr\u00e9dito extranjero, la maquinaria importada y los conocimientos de gesti\u00f3n importados marcaron la expansi\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica, mientras que la intermediaci\u00f3n financiera nacional segu\u00eda siendo d\u00e9bil. En 1911, la inversi\u00f3n estadounidense, brit\u00e1nica y francesa en ferrocarriles, miner\u00eda, petr\u00f3leo y servicios p\u00fablicos superaba los 1,43 billones de d\u00f3lares estadounidenses, seg\u00fan las estimaciones. La capacidad nacional de investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo segu\u00eda siendo m\u00ednima, y la mayor parte de los conocimientos t\u00e9cnicos proced\u00edan del exterior en lugar de generarse a nivel nacional.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las instituciones se consolidaron en torno a la gobernanza centralizada, las haciendas de exportaci\u00f3n, el comercio exterior y las \u00e9lites locales. El poder judicial, la polic\u00eda y el ej\u00e9rcito aplicaban principalmente los derechos de propiedad de la \u00e9lite. Una \u00e9lite muy reducida, menos del uno por ciento de los terratenientes, controlaba la mayor parte de la tierra rural titulada, mientras que millones de aldeanos se quedaron sin tierra. Las protecciones laborales, los derechos sobre la tierra y la educaci\u00f3n inclusiva se rezagaron respecto al cambio econ\u00f3mico, lo que contribuy\u00f3 a huelgas que fueron reprimidas violentamente. Los sistemas educativos favorecieron a las \u00e9lites en lugar de desarrollar capital humano de base amplia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los ciclos econ\u00f3micos y sociales de M\u00e9xico se sincronizaron con los ciclos globales de materias primas y financieros, amplificando la volatilidad. Los ingresos fiscales depend\u00edan en gran medida de rentas de recursos naturales<\/a>, dejando las finanzas p\u00fablicas vulnerables a las crisis externas. Tras la crisis financiera mundial de 1907, los despidos y los disturbios se intensificaron. La concentraci\u00f3n de tierras y las jerarqu\u00edas \u00e9tnicas se reforzaron mediante la exclusi\u00f3n pol\u00edtica, lo que profundiz\u00f3 la inestabilidad bajo la fachada de orden y progreso. Las comunidades que anteriormente depend\u00edan de los sistemas de tierras comunales soportaron los costos directos de estos cambios, mientras que la voz pol\u00edtica permaneci\u00f3 concentrada entre las \u00e9lites. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El cambio vino de afuera<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La mayor\u00eda de los cambios econ\u00f3micos y tecnol\u00f3gicos durante este per\u00edodo se originaron fuera de M\u00e9xico. Las tecnolog\u00edas ferroviaria, minera, agr\u00edcola y petrolera fueron importadas despu\u00e9s de haber demostrado su eficacia en otros lugares. Estas tecnolog\u00edas funcionaron como sistemas introducidos externamente que desplazaron r\u00e1pidamente las pr\u00e1cticas de producci\u00f3n existentes donde las condiciones lo permit\u00edan. Empresas de capital extranjero<\/a> se expandi\u00f3 r\u00e1pidamente, desplazando a los sistemas de peque\u00f1os agricultores y comunitarios y logrando econom\u00edas de escala. En contraste, las regiones que no se integraron en corredores de exportaci\u00f3n a menudo permanecieron bajo manejo de peque\u00f1os agricultores y comunidades ind\u00edgenas, creando marcadas divisiones espaciales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los resultados del mercado favorecieron a las actividades respaldadas por capital extranjero, la conectividad de exportaci\u00f3n y las relaciones pol\u00edticas. Estas empresas no fueron dise\u00f1adas para maximizar la calidad del empleo, la resiliencia o la legitimidad social local. La pol\u00edtica estatal recompens\u00f3 a los actores alineados con el crecimiento de las exportaciones, al tiempo que brind\u00f3 poco apoyo a la tenencia comunal de la tierra o a las econom\u00edas informales. Aunque este enfoque gener\u00f3 ingresos fiscales y v\u00ednculos geopol\u00edticos, se produjo a expensas de la inclusi\u00f3n, la resiliencia y la sostenibilidad a largo plazo. Las fincas de exportaci\u00f3n, la infraestructura extranjera y el comercio prosperaron, protegidos de la agitaci\u00f3n por acuerdos pol\u00edticos coercitivos. La productividad agr\u00edcola por trabajador, en general, se mantuvo baja, contribuyendo as\u00ed a una inflaci\u00f3n de precios de alimentos m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida que los salarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las tecnolog\u00edas importadas y las pr\u00e1cticas organizacionales se difundieron r\u00e1pidamente, apoyadas por marcos pol\u00edticos y legales. Los ferrocarriles conectaron haciendas productivas, minas, campos petroleros, puertos y mercados extranjeros. La inversi\u00f3n en infraestructura y las protecciones legales priorizaron los sistemas de producci\u00f3n de \u00e9lite. Los marcos de concesi\u00f3n y los t\u00edtulos de propiedad aseguraron ingresos fiscales al tiempo que canalizaban las rentas de los recursos hacia las \u00e9lites. Los sistemas educativos reforzaron el modelo de exportaci\u00f3n, mientras que las tasas de analfabetismo se mantuvieron entre el 70 y el 80 por ciento para 1910. El \u00e9xito reforz\u00f3 la especializaci\u00f3n, aumentando la dependencia de M\u00e9xico de un estrecho conjunto de productos de exportaci\u00f3n y elevando la vulnerabilidad a las crisis globales y a la reacci\u00f3n social interna. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El papel del estado porfiriano<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

El general Porfirio D\u00edaz domin\u00f3 la pol\u00edtica mexicana durante m\u00e1s de tres d\u00e9cadas, gobernando de 1877 a 1911. Bajo su gobierno autoritario, el Estado articul\u00f3 una misi\u00f3n nacional centrada en el orden, la estabilidad y la modernizaci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del crecimiento impulsado por las exportaciones. Este enfoque proporcion\u00f3 previsibilidad a los inversionistas y socios extranjeros, pero se bas\u00f3 en una gobernanza centralizada, tecnocr\u00e1tica y coercitiva, en lugar de instituciones inclusivas. El objetivo a largo plazo era ponerse al d\u00eda con la industrializaci\u00f3n y urbanizaci\u00f3n globales, en lugar de desarrollar capacidades end\u00f3genas. El \u00e9xito se midi\u00f3 a trav\u00e9s de las exportaciones y la estabilidad fiscal, en lugar de las ganancias generales de bienestar. El control electoral permiti\u00f3 la reelecci\u00f3n repetida de D\u00edaz, dejando finalmente la revoluci\u00f3n como el principal mecanismo de reforma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El estado promulg\u00f3 leyes de uso de suelo, miner\u00eda e inversi\u00f3n que redefinieron los derechos de propiedad en favor de la propiedad privada y extranjera, desmantelando efectivamente los sistemas de tenencia comunal. Las empresas de topograf\u00eda fueron autorizadas a reclamar grandes \u00e1reas para la miner\u00eda, la agricultura y el petr\u00f3leo. Los marcos regulatorios minimizaron los costos de transacci\u00f3n de capital al tiempo que aumentaron las barreras de entrada para la mano de obra local, los peque\u00f1os propietarios y las comunidades ind\u00edgenas. Los mercados priorizaron la integraci\u00f3n comercial externa sobre el desarrollo interno. La represi\u00f3n laboral, incluidas las prohibiciones de huelga, redujo los costos de producci\u00f3n al tiempo que intensific\u00f3 las tensiones sociales. La huelga de mineros de cobre de Cananea en 1906 y la huelga de trabajadores textiles de R\u00edo Blanco en 1907 fueron reprimidas con fuerza letal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Inversi\u00f3n p\u00fablica y garant\u00edas enfocadas en ferrocarriles, puertos, tel\u00e9grafos y servicios urbanos para apoyar los flujos de exportaci\u00f3n y los ingresos fiscales. La educaci\u00f3n generalizada y el desarrollo rural fueron en gran medida descuidados. Las finanzas p\u00fablicas depend\u00edan de concesiones y rentas de recursos, con poca atenci\u00f3n a la redistribuci\u00f3n o a la pol\u00edtica contrac\u00edclica. El gasto priorizaba el servicio de la deuda y el equilibrio fiscal. El apoyo a la innovaci\u00f3n nacional se mantuvo limitado, ya que la tecnolog\u00eda y las pr\u00e1cticas organizativas fueron en gran medida importadas. Estas condiciones contribuyeron directamente a la Revoluci\u00f3n Mexicana de 1910 y a las demandas de elecciones libres, l\u00edmites a la reelecci\u00f3n y reformas estructurales, incluida la redistribuci\u00f3n de tierras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusi\u00f3n<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

El Porfiriato dej\u00f3 a M\u00e9xico con ferrocarriles modernos, ciudades en expansi\u00f3n, agricultura productiva y miner\u00eda a gran escala, pero sin la legitimidad social necesaria para sustentarlos. Si bien la econom\u00eda se integr\u00f3 profundamente en los mercados globales, la voz pol\u00edtica, el acceso a la tierra, la educaci\u00f3n y los beneficios econ\u00f3micos permanecieron altamente concentrados. Cuando las condiciones globales cambiaron despu\u00e9s de 1907, el sistema colaps\u00f3 y la revoluci\u00f3n surgi\u00f3 como respuesta a la exclusi\u00f3n y la represi\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para los actuales responsables de la formulaci\u00f3n de pol\u00edticas, las lecciones siguen siendo claras. El crecimiento econ\u00f3mico que concentra los beneficios entre las \u00e9lites, depende en gran medida de los ciclos del mercado externo y excluye a amplios sectores de la sociedad es intr\u00ednsecamente inestable. La infraestructura, la inversi\u00f3n y las exportaciones son esenciales para el desarrollo<\/a>, pero deben ir acompa\u00f1ados de instituciones que ampl\u00eden oportunidades, protejan derechos y permitan retroalimentaci\u00f3n y ajustes graduales. El desarrollo no solo se trata de la rapidez con la que crece una econom\u00eda, sino de qui\u00e9n participa, qui\u00e9n se beneficia y qui\u00e9n tiene voz.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mexico grew faster between 1876 and 1911 than at any other moment in the nineteenth century. Railways spread across the country, cities modernized, and exports expanded rapidly with foreign investment, replicating patterns seen in many industrializing economies. Under Porfirio D\u00edaz, Mexico achieved order, economic growth, and integration into international trade. However, this growth rested on 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The\u2026","rel":"","context":"En \u00abResearch Case Study\u00bb","block_context":{"text":"Research Case Study","link":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/category\/research-case-study\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Industrial area in Mexico with factories, transport links, and workers, showing the infrastructure behind mid-century industrial growth.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Screenshot-2026-05-20-at-1.01.25-PM.png?fit=1200%2C662&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Screenshot-2026-05-20-at-1.01.25-PM.png?fit=1200%2C662&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Screenshot-2026-05-20-at-1.01.25-PM.png?fit=1200%2C662&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Screenshot-2026-05-20-at-1.01.25-PM.png?fit=1200%2C662&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/Screenshot-2026-05-20-at-1.01.25-PM.png?fit=1200%2C662&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":244,"url":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/latin-america-and-the-caribbean-three-centuries-of-competition\/","url_meta":{"origin":302,"position":5},"title":"Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe: Tres siglos de competencia","author":"Graham Watkins","date":"marzo 26, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"Por m\u00e1s de 300 a\u00f1os, poderosas fuerzas de selecci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica han moldeado a Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Muy similar a la selecci\u00f3n natural en la biolog\u00eda, la competencia ha premiado repetidamente a las empresas, sectores y pa\u00edses con los \u201crasgos\u201d correctos \u2014capacidades, instituciones, tecnolog\u00edas\u2014, al tiempo que castiga a aquellos que no logran adaptarse. Estas fuerzas han...","rel":"","context":"En \u00abFramework Essay\u00bb","block_context":{"text":"Framework Essay","link":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/category\/framework-essay\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Four\u2011panel image showing sugarcane cultivation, open\u2011pit mining with heavy machinery, a coastal tourism beach, and onshore wind turbines in an agricultural landscape.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-26-at-12.20.52-PM.png?fit=1178%2C1190&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-26-at-12.20.52-PM.png?fit=1178%2C1190&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-26-at-12.20.52-PM.png?fit=1178%2C1190&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-26-at-12.20.52-PM.png?fit=1178%2C1190&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-26-at-12.20.52-PM.png?fit=1178%2C1190&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/techrevlac.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Screenshot-2026-03-26-at-3.53.31-PM.png?fit=1186%2C788&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/278841165"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=302"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/302\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1147,"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/302\/revisions\/1147"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/304"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=302"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=302"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u00a1Bien jugado!","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}