{"id":267,"date":"2026-03-26T12:55:20","date_gmt":"2026-03-26T16:55:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/?p=267"},"modified":"2026-06-04T10:20:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T14:20:52","slug":"tercera-ola-tecnologica-1870-1920-acero-electricidad-telefono","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/techrevlac.org\/es\/blog\/third-technology-wave-1870-1920-steel-electricity-telephone\/","title":{"rendered":"Tercera Ola Tecnol\u00f3gica, 1870-1920: Acero, Electricidad y Tel\u00e9fono"},"content":{"rendered":"

Hace ciento cincuenta a\u00f1os, los pa\u00edses enfrentaban desaf\u00edos semejantes a los que hoy afrontan Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe. A partir de 1870, un grupo de naciones opt\u00f3 por entrar en la siguiente fase de la Revoluci\u00f3n Industrial y experiment\u00f3 una transformaci\u00f3n r\u00e1pida y profunda. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para 1920, estos pa\u00edses estaban repletos de acer\u00edas, sistemas ferroviarios, generaci\u00f3n y transmisi\u00f3n de electricidad, iluminaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica, tel\u00e9fonos, empacadoras y grandes ciudades industriales. Sus econom\u00edas se reorganizaron en torno a nueva infraestructura, industrias y arreglos sociales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los gobiernos de ocho pa\u00edses \u2014Estados Unidos, Gran Breta\u00f1a, Alemania, Francia, Italia, B\u00e9lgica, Pa\u00edses Bajos y Jap\u00f3n\u2014 desempe\u00f1aron roles decisivos en la direcci\u00f3n de estos cambios en colaboraci\u00f3n con el sector privado. Los gobiernos establecieron misiones nacionales, construyeron infraestructura, moldearon mercados, expandieron la educaci\u00f3n y ayudaron a gestionar la disrupci\u00f3n y el conflicto inherentes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe, esta historia<\/a> asuntos. El mundo est\u00e1 entrando en una nueva era de cambio tecnol\u00f3gico disruptivo<\/a> centrada en tecnolog\u00edas verdes y digitales. Esta nueva ola presenta una oportunidad importante para la regi\u00f3n. Las decisiones gubernamentales determinar\u00e1n las trayectorias nacionales durante los pr\u00f3ximos 50 a\u00f1os. Este blog muestra que La transformaci\u00f3n r\u00e1pida es posible<\/a>, incluso para quienes llegan tarde, cuando los estados, las sociedades y los mercados se alinean en torno a una misi\u00f3n compartida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Este blog examina c\u00f3mo estos pa\u00edses navegaron la tercera gran ola tecnol\u00f3gica al explorar qu\u00e9 cambi\u00f3, qu\u00e9 impuls\u00f3 esos cambios y el papel que desempe\u00f1aron los gobiernos. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

El ecosistema humano global<\/strong> fue transformado.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

De 1870 a 1920, los sistemas naturales y socioecon\u00f3micos cambiaron dr\u00e1sticamente en estos pa\u00edses. Los procesos de fabricaci\u00f3n de acero Bessemer y Siemens\u2011Martin se convirtieron en la columna vertebral del desarrollo en Alemania y EE. UU. La producci\u00f3n de acero de EE. UU. aument\u00f3 de 68,000 toneladas en 1870 a 42 millones de toneladas en 1920, un aumento de 600 veces. La electrificaci\u00f3n despu\u00e9s de 1890 reorganiz\u00f3 la producci\u00f3n y la urbanizaci\u00f3n, y EE. UU. y Alemania construyeron grandes redes el\u00e9ctricas, seguidas por Gran Breta\u00f1a, Francia y B\u00e9lgica. Estos pa\u00edses pasaron de no producir electricidad en 1870 a generar decenas de teravatios\u2011hora para 1920.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La extracci\u00f3n de carb\u00f3n intensific\u00f3 el cambio ambiental en el Ruhr, los Apalaches, Valonia y el norte de Francia, mientras que Jap\u00f3n e Italia dependieron de minerales importados, demostrando que la escasez de recursos no fue una limitaci\u00f3n. Redes ferroviarias<\/a> mercados nacionales unificados y ayudaron a acelerar la urbanizaci\u00f3n. La iluminaci\u00f3n el\u00e9ctrica ampli\u00f3 las horas de trabajo, y los tel\u00e9fonos y tel\u00e9grafos permitieron una coordinaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s amplia y efectiva, apoyando a las corporaciones estadounidenses, el comercio mundial brit\u00e1nico y los bancos universales alemanes. El enlatado, liderado por EE. UU. y Gran Breta\u00f1a, remodel\u00f3 las dietas y las cadenas de suministro urbanas. Los sistemas de salud p\u00fablica \u2014agua, saneamiento y pasteurizaci\u00f3n\u2014 mejoraron las condiciones de vida urbanas y apoyaron el crecimiento de la poblaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los sistemas e instituciones sociales tambi\u00e9n evolucionaron. Las capacidades del Estado se expandieron a la escolarizaci\u00f3n universal, el bienestar y una regulaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s fuerte. Las universidades financiadas por tierras en los EE. UU., la educaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica en Alemania y las escuelas republicanas en Francia construyeron capital humano. Alemania fue pionera en seguros sociales; Gran Breta\u00f1a introdujo seguros nacionales; B\u00e9lgica y Francia ampliaron las protecciones laborales. Surgieron leyes antimonopolio en los EE. UU.; las leyes laborales se fortalecieron en Gran Breta\u00f1a y Francia; y la modernizaci\u00f3n administrativa avanz\u00f3 en Jap\u00f3n y los Pa\u00edses Bajos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las narrativas nacionalistas vincularon la modernizaci\u00f3n y la fuerza industrial en Alemania, Jap\u00f3n, Gran Breta\u00f1a y Estados Unidos. Los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n masiva (peri\u00f3dicos, cine y radio incipiente) difundieron culturas nacionales. Las capacidades cient\u00edficas y t\u00e9cnicas se expandieron, con universidades en Alemania, Francia y Gran Breta\u00f1a liderando a nivel mundial. Las estructuras de clase se endurecieron, con fuertes movimientos obreros en Gran Breta\u00f1a, B\u00e9lgica y Alemania, y conflictos laborales en Estados Unidos y Francia. El sufragio femenino se expandi\u00f3 hacia el final del per\u00edodo, aunque persistieron las normas patriarcales. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gran Breta\u00f1a fue el principal acreedor del mundo hasta la Primera Guerra Mundial, poseyendo activos extranjeros por un valor de dos veces su PIB en 1914. Estados Unidos pas\u00f3 de ser un importador de capital en 1870 a ser un importante acreedor para 1920, con Nueva York rivalizando con Londres. Alemania, Francia, B\u00e9lgica y los Pa\u00edses Bajos tambi\u00e9n exportaron capital, mientras que Italia y Jap\u00f3n importaron capital y tecnolog\u00eda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La migraci\u00f3n transatl\u00e1ntica remodel\u00f3 los mercados laborales<\/a>Italianos, alemanes y belgas migraron por millones, muchos a EE. UU. Gran Breta\u00f1a, Francia, B\u00e9lgica y los Pa\u00edses Bajos extrajeron recursos y mano de obra de sus imperios. La migraci\u00f3n de \u00e1reas rurales a urbanas se aceler\u00f3, impulsando la industrializaci\u00f3n y transformando las instituciones sociales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

El acero, la electricidad y las telecomunicaciones se difundieron r\u00e1pidamente a trav\u00e9s de las redes comerciales mundiales. Alemania y Estados Unidos dominaban las exportaciones de maquinaria y productos qu\u00edmicos. Jap\u00f3n e Italia importaban tecnolog\u00edas para industrializarse. En 1920, estos ocho pa\u00edses \u2014que albergaban alrededor del 20 % de la poblaci\u00f3n mundial\u2014 generaban la mitad de la producci\u00f3n econ\u00f3mica mundial y el 70 % de la producci\u00f3n industrial mundial. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Factores de cambio entre 1870 y 1920.<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Los pa\u00edses con fuertes recursos de carb\u00f3n y hierro \u2014 Estados Unidos, Alemania, Gran Breta\u00f1a, B\u00e9lgica y Francia \u2014 construyeron su industria pesada. Jap\u00f3n, Italia y los Pa\u00edses Bajos dependieron del comercio y la eficiencia. Tecnolog\u00edas como el acero, la electricidad y la maquinaria<\/a> producci\u00f3n y log\u00edstica reorganizadas. El enlatado, la refrigeraci\u00f3n, el saneamiento y la salud p\u00fablica respaldaron la urbanizaci\u00f3n densa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Estados Unidos y Alemania construyeron grandes corporaciones integradas y bancos universales; Gran Breta\u00f1a y B\u00e9lgica se basaron en redes de financiaci\u00f3n mercantil. US Steel, fundada en 1901, se convirti\u00f3 en la primera corporaci\u00f3n de mil millones de d\u00f3lares del mundo; las econom\u00edas de escala son cr\u00edticas en la competitividad global. Alemania y Francia construyeron fuertes estados burocr\u00e1ticos y fiscales; Gran Breta\u00f1a y los Pa\u00edses Bajos refinaron sistemas liberales parlamentarios. La infraestructura construida \u2014ferrocarriles, puertos y redes el\u00e9ctricas\u2014 dio forma a las trayectorias nacionales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las tradiciones culturales \u2014la *Bildung* alemana, el republicanismo franc\u00e9s, el imperialismo brit\u00e1nico, el republicanismo de colonos estadounidense y el nacionalismo japon\u00e9s\u2014 dieron forma a la modernizaci\u00f3n. B\u00e9lgica y los Pa\u00edses Bajos desarrollaron sociedades pilares: grupos sociales separados con sus propias instituciones. Surgieron sindicatos fuertes en Gran Breta\u00f1a y Alemania; la pol\u00edtica de clases se intensific\u00f3 en Italia y Francia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los pa\u00edses que producen acero, maquinaria, electricidad y productos qu\u00edmicos dominan la industria global. Jap\u00f3n e Italia entraron a los mercados globales a trav\u00e9s de textiles e industria ligera. La competencia militar reforz\u00f3 la demanda de acero y maquinaria, lo que lamentablemente culmin\u00f3 en la Primera Guerra Mundial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las grandes empresas integradas superaron a los productores m\u00e1s peque\u00f1os. Los cl\u00fasteres industriales \u2014el Ruhr, el noreste de Estados Unidos, el norte de Italia, Valonia y el Randstad\u2014 se convirtieron en polos de crecimiento. Las ciudades electrificadas y conectadas superaron a las regiones hist\u00f3ricas de carb\u00f3n y vapor. Los movimientos laborales reconfiguraron las instituciones: los pa\u00edses que se reformaron adaptativamente mantuvieron trayectorias m\u00e1s s\u00f3lidas. Las narrativas nacionales vincularon la modernizaci\u00f3n al destino nacional. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los pa\u00edses exitosos institucionalizaron nuevas rutinas. Promulgaron leyes, construyeron infraestructuras y ampliaron los sistemas educativos. Alemania, Francia, EE. UU., Jap\u00f3n y los Pa\u00edses Bajos avanzaron hacia la escolarizaci\u00f3n universal. La infraestructura de alto costo (ferrocarriles, puertos, redes el\u00e9ctricas, telecomunicaciones) qued\u00f3 fijada en trayectorias de desarrollo. Dependencia del camino<\/a> significa que las decisiones tempranas importan. Estado establecido <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las instituciones de bienestar y laborales se expandieron. Las tecnolog\u00edas se difundieron a trav\u00e9s del comercio, la inversi\u00f3n extranjera y la imitaci\u00f3n. Se propagaron modelos corporativos y financieros. Los medios de comunicaci\u00f3n moldearon las ideas sobre estilos de vida modernos. Una vez que se establecieron las bases de la industria pesada, la investigaci\u00f3n, las habilidades y el capital crearon cascadas de innovaci\u00f3n<\/a>. Jap\u00f3n e Italia seleccionaron tecnolog\u00edas adecuadas a sus condiciones, configurando restricciones futuras.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Surgieron m\u00faltiples modelos institucionales: capitalismo corporativo (EE. UU.), capitalismo liberal-parlamentario (Gran Breta\u00f1a), capitalismo organizado por el Estado (Alemania), sistemas de pilares (Pa\u00edses Bajos y B\u00e9lgica) y estatismo republicano franc\u00e9s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00bfCu\u00e1l fue el papel del estado?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

El estado establece la direcci\u00f3n, los mandatos, coordina y asociaciones con el sector privado<\/a>. Los gobiernos articularon narrativas de modernizaci\u00f3n: la expansi\u00f3n continental de EE.UU., la misi\u00f3n imperial de Gran Breta\u00f1a, el estado cient\u00edfico-industrial de Alemania, la pol\u00edtica de \u201cpa\u00eds rico, ej\u00e9rcito fuerte\u201d de Jap\u00f3n. Las reformas estatutarias en educaci\u00f3n, servicio civil y ej\u00e9rcito crearon cimientos duraderos. Unidades de implementaci\u00f3n mandatadas por el Estado \u2014ministerios de ferrocarril, autoridades de telecomunicaciones, agencias de obras p\u00fablicas\u2014 coordinaron proyectos a gran escala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los estados identificaron cuellos de botella y desarrollaron soluciones \u2014la educaci\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica de Alemania, la modernizaci\u00f3n administrativa de Jap\u00f3n. Ampliaron el sufragio, promulgaron reformas parlamentarias e introdujeron protecciones de bienestar y laborales. La gobernanza multinivel coordin\u00f3 diversas regiones. Las crisis \u2014guerras, depresiones, shocks financieros\u2014 se gestionaron para acelerar las reformas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los estados moldearon los mercados a trav\u00e9s de reglas y normas. La planificaci\u00f3n espacial y la expropiaci\u00f3n permitieron la infraestructura. Medidores estandarizados, c\u00f3digos de seguridad y normas de ingenier\u00eda redujeron costos. Est\u00e1ndares t\u00e9cnicos para electricidad, tel\u00e9fonos y ferrocarriles permitieron la difusi\u00f3n. La zonificaci\u00f3n urbana y los sistemas de salud p\u00fablica apoyaron la densidad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Las reformas del derecho corporativo permitieron la acumulaci\u00f3n de capital. Las leyes laborales estabilizaron las relaciones industriales. La regulaci\u00f3n financiera permiti\u00f3 el financiamiento industrial a largo plazo. Los aranceles moldearon la especializaci\u00f3n: los subsidios y las compras crearon mercados tempranos para el acero, los tel\u00e9fonos y la electrificaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los estados movilizaron capital a trav\u00e9s de bancos de desarrollo, bonos soberanos, seguros y garant\u00edas. Invirtieron en ferrocarriles, puertos, redes de electricidad, tel\u00e9grafo y tel\u00e9fono, y sistemas de agua. La educaci\u00f3n y la salud p\u00fablica mejoraron la productividad. Los ecosistemas de I+D \u2014institutos qu\u00edmicos alemanes, estaciones experimentales agr\u00edcolas de EE. UU., escuelas t\u00e9cnicas japonesas\u2014 crearon capacidad de absorci\u00f3n. Los cl\u00fasteres industriales fueron apoyados mediante pol\u00edticas espec\u00edficas. La gesti\u00f3n adaptativa, las estad\u00edsticas y el monitoreo mejoraron la gobernanza.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los estados tambi\u00e9n gestionaron conflicto social<\/a> resultantes del cambio y la disrupci\u00f3n. Los primeros sistemas de bienestar, el arbitraje, los inspectores y los seguros sociales redujeron los riesgos de malestar. Las pol\u00edticas de migraci\u00f3n moldearon la oferta laboral. Estados Unidos recibi\u00f3 a m\u00e1s de 30 millones de inmigrantes entre 1870 y 1920.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusi\u00f3n \u2013 <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Las transformaciones de 1870\u20131920 fueron fundamentales. No se trataron solo de acer\u00edas, redes el\u00e9ctricas y tel\u00e9fonos; se trataron de la construcci\u00f3n de naciones. Los pa\u00edses que alinearon tecnolog\u00eda, instituciones y finanzas avanzaron r\u00e1pidamente. Las crisis se convirtieron en oportunidades de reforma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Para Am\u00e9rica Latina y el Caribe, la lecci\u00f3n es clara: el cambio r\u00e1pido es posible<\/a> cuando el estado brinda direcci\u00f3n, legitimidad y herramientas para dar forma al mercado, movilizando capital hacia nuevos objetivos. La regi\u00f3n se encuentra en un punto de inflexi\u00f3n. Las tecnolog\u00edas verdes y la digitalizaci\u00f3n est\u00e1n reconfigurando la competencia global.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Los pa\u00edses que se industrializaron entre 1870 y 1920 hicieron tres cosas: se alinearon tras una misi\u00f3n nacional; construy\u00f3 instituciones e infraestructura<\/a>; y gestionaron la disrupci\u00f3n protegiendo a las personas. Estos principios siguen siendo esenciales hoy en d\u00eda. <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

One hundred and fifty years ago, countries faced challenges like those confronting Latin America and the Caribbean today. Beginning in 1870, a group of nations chose to enter the next phase of the Industrial Revolution and underwent rapid, far-reaching transformation.  By 1920, these countries were replete with steel mills, rail systems, electricity generation and transmission, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":278841165,"featured_media":269,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"_wpas_customize_per_network":false,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1710],"tags":[1406,1407,1373,1377,1391,1380,1405],"class_list":["post-267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-framework-essay","tag-energy-systems","tag-infrastructure","tag-path-dependence","tag-public-investment","tag-state-capacity","tag-structural-transformation","tag-technological-revolutions"],"yoast_head":"\nThird 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New ships filled the harbor. Luxury hotels rose along the waterfront. More people found work serving a growing stream of visitors. Between 1920 and 1930, the Bahamas moved toward a service economy centered on Nassau and foreign tourists. 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